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Interpretation of the eight key technologies of 5G
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Time：2020-09-19 22:25:22
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5G is not a revolution. 5G is the continuation of 4G. I believe that 5G will not change much in the core network part. The key technologies of 5G are concentrated in the wireless part. Although 5G will eventually adopt which technology, there is no final conclusion. However, based on the focus of discussions in major high-end forums, 8 key technologies have been collected.
Of course, it should be far more than that.
1. Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access, NOMA)
We know that 3G uses Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (Direct Sequence CDMA, DS-CDMA) technology, and the mobile phone receiver uses Rake receivers. Due to its non-orthogonal characteristics, Fast transmission power control (TPC) must be used. To solve the near-far problem between the mobile phone and the cell. The 4G network uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDM) technology. OFDM can not only overcome the problem of multipath interference, but also cooperate with MIMO technology to greatly increase the data rate. Because of multi-user orthogonality, there is no far-near problem between the mobile phone and the cell, and fast power control is abandoned, and the AMC (Adaptive Coding) method is adopted to realize link adaptation. What NOMA hopes to achieve is to regain the principle of non-orthogonal multi-user multiplexing in the 3G era and integrate it into the current 4G OFDM technology.
From 2G, 3G to 4G, multi-user multiplexing technology is nothing more than making a fuss in the time domain, frequency domain, and code domain. On the basis of OFDM, NOMA adds a dimension-power domain. The purpose of adding this power domain is to use the different path loss of each user to achieve multi-user multiplexing. To realize the multiplexing of multiple users in the power domain, it is necessary to install an SIC (Continuous Interference Cancellation) at the receiving end, through this interference canceller, plus channel coding (such as Turbo code or low-density parity-check code (LDPC), etc.) , You can distinguish the signals of different users at the receiving end.
NOMA can use the difference of different path losses to superimpose the multiplexed signals, thereby increasing the signal gain. It enables all mobile devices in the same cell coverage area to obtain the maximum accessible bandwidth, and can solve the network challenges caused by large-scale connections. Another advantage of NOMA is that there is no need to know the CSI (channel state information) of each channel, which is expected to achieve better performance in high-speed mobile scenarios and to build better mobile node backhaul links.
2. FBMC (Filter Group Multi-Carrier Technology)
In the OFDM system, each sub-carrier is orthogonal to each other in the time domain, and their frequency spectrum overlaps each other, so it has a higher spectrum utilization. OFDM technology is generally used in data transmission in wireless systems. In the OFDM system, due to the multipath effect of the wireless channel, interference occurs between symbols. In order to eliminate inter-symbol interference (ISl), a guard interval is inserted between symbols. The general method of inserting a guard interval is to set zeros between symbols, that is, to stay for a period of time after sending the first symbol (no information is sent), and then send the second symbol. In the OFDM system, although the inter-symbol interference is reduced or eliminated, the orthogonality between the sub-carriers is destroyed, resulting in the inter-sub-carrier interference (ICI). Therefore, this method cannot be used in OFDM systems. In the OFDM system, in order to eliminate both ISI and ICI, the guard interval is usually served by CP (Cycle Prefix). CP is a system overhead and does not transmit valid data, thereby reducing spectrum efficiency. FBMC uses a set of non-overlapping band-limited sub-carriers to achieve multi-carrier transmission. FMC has very little inter-carrier interference caused by frequency offset, does not require CP (cyclic prefix), and greatly improves frequency efficiency.
3. Millimeter waves (millimetre waves, mmWaves)
What is millimeter wave? The frequency is 30GHz to 300GHz, and the wavelength range is 10 to 1 mm. Due to a sufficient amount of available bandwidth and high antenna gain, millimeter wave technology can support ultra-high-speed transmission rates, and the beam is narrow, flexible and controllable, and can be connected to a large number of devices.
4. Massive MIMO technology (3D /Massive MIMO)
MIMO technology has been widely used in WIFI, LTE, etc. In theory, the more antennas, the higher the spectrum efficiency and transmission reliability. Massive MIMO technology can be realized by some inexpensive and low-power antenna components, which provides a broad prospect for realizing mobile communications in high frequency bands. It can double the wireless spectrum efficiency, enhance network coverage and system capacity , To help operators maximize the use of existing site and spectrum resources. Let's take a 20 square centimeter antenna physical plane as an example. If these antennas are arranged in a grid with a half-wavelength interval, then: if the working frequency band is 3.5GHz, 16 antennas can be deployed.
5. Cognitive radio spectrum sensing techniques
The biggest feature of cognitive radio technology is the ability to dynamically select wireless channels. Under the premise of no interference, the mobile phone selects and uses the available wireless spectrum by constantly sensing the frequency.
6. Ultra-wideband spectrum
The channel capacity is proportional to the bandwidth and SNR. In order to meet the Gpbs-level data rate of the 5G
7. Ultra-dense Hetnets (ultra-dense heterogeneous network)
The three-dimensional hierarchical network (HetNet) refers to the deployment of access points such as a large number of microcells, picocells, and femtocells in the macrocell network layer to meet data capacity growth requirements. In the 5G era, more things are connected to the network, and the density of HetNet will increase greatly.
8. Multi-technology carrier aggregation (multi-technology carrier aggregation)
If I remember correctly, 3GPP R12 has already mentioned this technical standard. The future network is a converged network. Carrier aggregation technology will not only realize the aggregation between carriers in LTE, but also expand to the integration with 3G, WIFI and other networks. Together with HetNet, the multi-technology carrier aggregation technology will eventually achieve seamless connection between everything.
