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Bidirectional PFC and hybrid inverter solutions
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Time：2020-07-20 23:54:35
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Although the residential energy storage market is now in its infancy, it is on the verge of explosive growth. Since the first quarter of 2018, in the United States alone, the market has grown 232% year-on-year, and energy storage accounted for 46% of deployments in the first quarter of 2019. Today, the scale of residential energy storage is smaller than the scale of utility deployments. The global residential energy storage market is expected to grow from USD 6 billion in 2019 to USD 17.5 billion in 2024; a compound annual growth rate of 22.88%.
As new players with various backgrounds and expertise enter the market, global companies are beginning to see the future growth potential of energy storage. The key design challenge for energy storage developers to overcome is system integration to ultimately achieve lower system costs, smaller form factors, and fewer components and subsystems. For energy storage, system integration means combining two independent paths for battery charging and discharging by shifting from a one-way power conversion stage to a two-way power conversion stage.
Turn to bidirectional power factor correction (PFC) and inverter power stage
The rise of the energy storage market can be attributed to methods and innovations that enable designers to overcome major challenges such as system integration and cost. Prior to the emergence of newer technologies and solutions, unidirectional AC/DC, unidirectional DC/AC and DC/DC power stages were traditional system solutions. Figure 1 illustrates a typical system with unidirectional power factor correction (PFC) and inverter power stage.
Figure 1: Grid-level system diagram with unidirectional PFC
However, this one-way approach sets up an inevitable obstacle to system integration. The system will require more power stages, components and controllers, which will result in higher system costs. Essentially, energy flows in both directions relative to the battery, either flowing into the battery for charging, or flowing out of the battery for discharge. If these power levels can be compressed, the number of components, modules, and subsystems can be reduced, and ultimately the system bill of materials (BOM) cost can be reduced.
The potential solution to these challenges is the bidirectional function of AC/DC, DC/AC, and DC/DC power conversion stages. In order to further improve the system integration, reduce the system bill of materials and reduce the overall size, the grid system involving energy storage is moving towards the two-way power conversion module shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Grid-level system diagram with two-way PFC and inverter level
Bidirectional power conversion is implemented in the latest reference design of C2000™ MCU. The bidirectional interleaved CCM totem pole bridgeless PFC reference design with GaN is based on the TMS320F280049C real-time controller series.
Hybrid inverter
Because of the desire to further improve system integration in the energy storage market, another market trend has emerged: the deployment of hybrid power or energy storage inverters. The inverter is simply the function of converting direct current into alternating current. But what happens when there are multiple DC power supplies? In a grid infrastructure environment, conventional inverters convert the direct current of solar panels into alternating current. The hybrid inverter complements the solar inverter system with energy storage, so the same inverter can invert the direct current from solar photovoltaic (PV) panels or rechargeable batteries. In fact, this is a way for solar photovoltaic manufacturers to use energy storage to develop their business and maintain a leading position. Energy storage solutions are an inevitable trend, and for solar system designers, hybrid inverters are the key to a risk-free and future-oriented solution.
Needs and solutions
Bidirectional energy storage solutions, including hybrid inverters, require high power efficiency, performance and equipment compactness. These requirements in turn require the realization of more advanced power supply topologies, lower total harmonic distortion, faster transient response, higher control loop frequencies, and higher pulse width modulation (PWM) frequencies, which can only be achieved through Only real-time controllers that support the following functions can achieve more complex PWM schemes, high-resolution PWM, high analog-to-digital converter (ADC) speed and high processing capabilities.
The C2000 real-time controller product portfolio not only provides these advantages for energy storage systems but also for many digital power applications:
1. Low-cost solutions that can realize efficient maximum power point tracking, boost, AC/DC, DC/DC and DC/AC subsystems.
2. The high-end option that can integrate multiple subsystems provides a way for hybrid inverters.
3. Dual floating-point cores (central processing unit and control law accelerator) implement complex digital signal processing algorithms.
4. A device architecture tightly coupled with real-time processing peripherals can provide deterministic performance.
5. The built-in configurable logic block can provide extended protection and monitoring functions, thereby eliminating field programmable gate arrays/complex programmable logic devices.
6. The high-speed (up to 200 Mbps) fast serial interface (FSI) enables fast interconnection between power stages without isolation.
7. The analog front end, 16/12-bit ADC, comparator, digital-to-analog converter and sigma-delta filter module simplifies isolated and non-isolated current and voltage detection.
8. Enhanced PWM and capture modules make the configuration of the power stage more flexible.
Table 1 lists the reference design with C2000 devices, which combines the two-way realization of AC/DC and DC/DC power stages and advanced and complex PWM schemes.
Table 1: TI Energy Storage System Reference Design
Energy solutions are gradually emerging, and grid infrastructure designers are investing to keep up with competitors and the market. Bidirectional power conversion modules and hybrid inverter solutions can reduce components, modules and subsystems, and ultimately reduce system BOM costs. The C2000™ device for real-time control is specifically designed to meet the needs of designers and contribute to the continued development of the energy storage market.
