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联系我们
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供应告急,晶圆自给任重道远
来源:
时间:2017-06-22 10:33:20
浏览次数:
日前,据台湾《经济日报》报道,IC设计公司得到消息,晶圆代工厂发布预告指出,今年下半年来临,8寸晶圆厂没有剩余产能分配给其他客户,生产线全线满载排到年底,可能将延续至明年第二季度,晶圆供应再次告急。事实上,半导体行业供应链缺货抢料情况自去年下半年延续迄今未止,从半导体上游硅晶圆、DRAM到被动组件厂等,今年以来产能多有供不应求的情况,引发各方人马抢货源。
指纹识别推升硅晶圆需求
随着指纹识别成为智能手机标配,指纹芯片厂商的IC产能需求呈现爆发式增长。据统计,2017年一季度全球搭载指纹识别智能手机出货量约1.8亿部,占全球智能手机总出货量的53.7%,同比上升约18个百分点;一季度全球指纹芯片出货量约2.7亿颗,同比增长约60.4%;晶圆厂的指纹识别的产能投入占比约13%。
而自第三季度开始,苹果iPhone 8也将全面进入备货状态,安卓旗舰机器也会密集发布,手机供应链开启旺季模式。同时随着指纹芯片技术和产业的成熟,笔电、平板也将会导入指纹识别功能。总体上,市场对指纹IC需求居高不下,指纹芯片厂商不得不加快晶圆预备库存的步伐。据悉,今年三季度晶圆代工龙头台积电的8寸厂及12寸晶圆生产线已经出现满载情况,硅晶圆供需产生缺口。而且,台积电、联电、世界先进、中芯国际亦出现8英寸晶圆产能提前争夺的现象,引发了一波抢产能热潮。
日系供应商的偏向
日本企业在硅晶圆、光刻胶、键合引线、模压树脂及引线框架等重要材料方面占有很高份额,可以说没有日本材料企业,全球的半导体制造就无法实现。据了解,即使在近来日元升值的背景下,日本企业在全球半导体材料市场上所占的份额(按美元计算)也达到约52%。
上月,日本晶圆大厂Sumco决定砍掉中国大陆存储芯片厂商长江存储(原武汉新芯)的晶圆订单,优先供货给台积电、Intel、镁光等大厂。在日本Sumco优先供货美国、日本、中国台湾厂商的情况下,中国大陆半导体发展有可能面临晶圆供应不足的局面。
引发晶圆产能扩张潮流
硅晶圆已成为半导体产业的关键物资,在过去几年,全球晶圆总体上是供大于求的状态,比如2015年,全球晶圆供应商共生产了7600万片12英寸硅晶圆,但市场只消耗了5700万片。而随着激烈的市场竞争,硅 晶圆 供应商在经过一系列兼并后变成现在的5大厂商,如今硅晶圆缺货严重,已成为半导体厂营运成长瓶颈,尤其是12寸规格硅晶圆,使得Intel、东芝、台积电、镁光等大厂纷纷加价抢购晶圆。
得益于强大需求的拉动,全球12英寸晶圆厂产能持续扩张。以中国大陆为例,近年来,中国大陆12英寸晶圆厂可谓遍地开花。台积电在南京独资195亿元建12英寸晶圆厂,并计划在2018年下半年开始量产16纳米制程。三星、Intel和SK海力士分别在西安、大连和无锡建设12英寸晶圆生产产线,主要用于生产包括3D NAND和DRAM在内的存储器产品。格罗方德在成都合资成立格芯开建工厂。联电在厦门成立联芯制造(厦门)有限公司,并计划导入28nm制造工艺。
但是,这些晶圆厂距离真正产出仍需较长的时间,当前硅晶圆短缺的现状难以得到缓解,据有关机构预测或将一直持续到明年。
晶圆自给任重道远
数据显示,中国大陆厂家生产的主要是6英寸晶圆,8英寸晶圆自给率不到10%,12英寸晶圆自给率就更低了。正是由于在供应链上受制于人,近年来我国半导体产业的发展并不尽人意,与欧美日系仍有较大的差距。
为了改善此局面,实现硅晶圆国产化替代,在海外企业不断增加在华投资的同时,中国本土企业也纷纷投入海量资金建设晶圆工厂。中芯国际在拿到大基金投资后扩建工厂,在北京和上海两地新建三条12英寸生产线。华力微电子也紧随其后,开建12英寸生产线,并计划在2020年前后掌握14nm制造工艺。紫光集团分别在南京和武汉投资上千亿元建设存储工厂。合肥也通过联合日本尔必达前社长坂本幸雄建设存储芯片工厂。
但实际上,半导体产业的产业链很长,涉及原材料、设备、设计、代工、封装、测试等方面,大陆要想在晶圆供应上不再受制于人,需要面对的不仅仅是信越半导体、Amotech 、日本Sumco、台湾环球晶、德国Silitronic、南韩LG这些晶圆供应商的包围夹击,更重要的是要击败美国主导的整个半导体产业分工体系。而这个任务艰巨异常,任重而道远。