At present, the most widely used is the 300M steel in the United States. The material uses vacuum heat treatment technology to avoid hydrogen permeation, the surface of the parts is bright, and there are no defects such as oxidative decarburization, carbon increase and grain boundary oxidation, which improves the surface quality. The domestically produced super-strength steel used for landing gear in China sometimes has problems such as point defects, sulfide inclusions, coarse crystals, internal cracks, and heat treatment hydrogen penetration. These problems are related to the lack of purity in the smelting process. Therefore, there is still a big gap between my country and the United States in terms of high-purity smelting technology, and there is much room for improvement.

17 milling cutter
"Efforts to "facelift" high-speed rails, domestic milling cutters are embarrassing"

With the rapid construction of high-speed rail in my country in recent years, the problem of rail maintenance has become increasingly worrying to industry experts. If the maintenance is not in place, it will not only damage the life cycle, but also have high-risk hidden dangers. The dual-power electric drive milling and milling maintenance robot equipment independently researched and developed by our country-the milling and milling truck called the rail "emergency vehicle" can "escort" the rail. But milling cutters, the core components of milling and grinding cars, still need to be imported from abroad. The material of the milling cutter is a cemented carbide material. We already know the metal composition, but we just don’t know how they are mixed and synthesized. It’s like knowing the ancestral secret of a certain Chinese medicine and the proportion of various herbs.

18 high-end bearing steel
"High-end bearing steel, the shortcomings of China's manufacturing industry"

As an indispensable core component in mechanical equipment, bearings support the mechanical rotating body, reduce its friction coefficient, and ensure its rotation accuracy. Whether aircraft, automobiles, high-speed rail, or high-precision machine tools, instrumentation, all need bearings. This puts high demands on its accuracy, performance, life and reliability. While my country's shaft manufacturing process is close to the world's top level, but the material-that is, high-end bearing steel is almost entirely dependent on imports.

The R&D, manufacturing and sales of high-end bearing steels are basically monopolized by the world's bearing giants US Timken and Sweden's SKF. A few years ago, they established bases in Yantai, Shandong and Jinan respectively, purchased low-end materials from China, used their core technology to make high-end bearings, and sold them to the Chinese market at ten times the price. The addition of rare earth in the steelmaking process can make the original high-quality steel more "strong". But how to add, this is the core secret of the world's bearing giants.

19 High-pressure plunger pump
"High-pressure plunger pump, a thorn in the throat of Chinese equipment manufacturing industry"

The hydraulic system is one of the key components of the equipment manufacturing industry. In all engineering fields, where there is mechanical equipment, the hydraulic system is inseparable. The high-pressure plunger pump is the core element of high-end hydraulic equipment and is called the "heart" of the hydraulic system. The scale of China's hydraulic industry has become the second largest in the world in 2017, but the industry is large but not strong, especially for high-pressure plunger pumps with a rated pressure above 35MPa, more than 90% of which depend on imports. Compared with foreign brands, domestically produced hydraulic plunger pumps have large gaps in technological advancement, working reliability, service life, variable mechanism control functions, and dynamic and static performance indicators, which are basically equivalent to foreign countries in the early 1990s Level.

20▶
Aviation design software
"Aviation software is embarrassing, domestic aircraft design wears "tight spell""

Since the 1980s, the world's aviation industry has entered a new stage of digital design, and now it has reached a high degree of dependence that cannot be designed without software. Designing an aircraft requires at least a dozen types of professional software, all of which are European and American products. Domestic design units not only have to invest huge sums of money to buy software, but also wear steel rings. Once they are pronounced "tight spell", the entire aviation industry will be paralyzed.

According to media reports, when designing the J-10 aircraft, the entire metal parts of the main load-bearing structure of the main landing gear were commissioned abroad. But after the construction, there was a problem with the retractable landing gear, with a 5 mm error, and had to re-order manufacturing. Only this little error has affected the J-10's first flight delayed by eight or nine months. Without the support of fully digital software, any slight error can become a nightmare in the manufacturing industry.

21 photoresist
"Chinese semiconductor industry loses color due to photoresist"

Although my country has become the world's largest semiconductor producer, the overall industry chain of the panel industry is still relatively backward. Currently, almost all photoresists for LCDs are imported, and the core technology has been monopolized by Japanese companies such as TOK, JSR, Sumitomo Chemical, and Shin-Etsu Chemical. Take BOE, which has a certain international competitiveness, has established 17 panel display production bases, 16 of which have been put into production. However, BOE's photoresist for high-end panels is still provided by foreign companies.

The main components of photoresist are polymer resin, color paste, monomer, photoinitiator, solvent and additives. There are many technical problems involved in the development, including the design and screening of oligomer structure, the determination and optimization of synthesis process, and activity Screening and control of monomers, color paste fineness control and stabilization, product formulation design and optimization, product production process optimization and stabilization, end-use condition matching and tolerance adjustment are adjusted. Therefore, it is very difficult to develop and produce independently.

22 high pressure common rail system
"High pressure common rail is not used, domestic diesel engine is very injured"

The electronically controlled diesel high-pressure common rail system is equivalent to the "heart" and "brain" of a diesel engine. Its quality is bad, which seriously affects the use of the engine. The diesel engine industry is an important equipment foundation for promoting a country's economic growth and social operation. China is the world's main market and producer of diesel engines, and in the domestic market of electronically controlled diesel engine high-pressure common rail systems, companies such as Germany, the United States, and Japan account for the vast majority. Compared with the products of foreign advanced companies, there is still a certain gap in performance, function, quality and consistency of the domestic high-pressure common rail system, and the cost advantage is not obvious.

23 Transmission electron microscope
"Our protein 3D high-resolution photos rely on the imported transmission electron microscope"

Refrigerated electron microscopy can shoot high-definition 3d "color photos" of microstructures, and is a weapon of life science research. The production capacity of transmission electron microscopy is one of the foundations of the manufacturing capacity of frozen electron microscopy. At present, there are only three manufacturers of transmission electron microscopes in the world, namely Japan Electronics, Hitachi, and FEI. No domestic enterprise produces transmission electron microscopes. The tools used with the refrigerated electron microscope all need to be original. If the parts are broken, no one can repair them. You can only wait for the parts to be mailed and replaced. For users of cryo-electron microscopy in China, this experience may continue for a short period of time.

24 main bearing of roadheader
"My own boring machine had to use someone else's main bearing"

The main bearing, known as the "heart" of the full-section tunnel boring machine, bears the main load during the operation of the boring machine and is a key component of the cutter head drive system. The working conditions are very poor. Compared with the traditional rolling bearing with a diameter of only a few hundred millimeters, the diameter of the main bearing of the roadheader is generally a few meters. It is the most complicated type of bearing and requires hundreds of manufacturing processes. As far as the overall manufacturing capacity of the boring machine is concerned, the domestic boring machine is close to the world's most advanced level, but the most critical main bearings are all imported. Germany's Rotterdam, IMO, FAG and Sweden's SKF occupy the market.

25 microspheres
"Microsphere: The Unbearable Lightness of National Industry"

Microsphere, the diameter is one-thirtieth of the thickness of the hair. In the mobile phone screen, one hundred microspheres are used per square millimeter to support two glass panels, which is equivalent to a skeleton. In the gap between the two glass panels, the liquid crystal is poured. Without it, the LCD screen you are staring at cannot be produced. Without microspheres, chip production, food safety testing, disease diagnosis, biopharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring...

Many industries will be in a dilemma. In the field of microelectronics alone, China imports microspheres worth tens of billions of yuan every year. In 2017, mainland China’s LCD panel shipments reached 33% of the world’s total, with an industry scale of approximately US$100 billion, ranking first in the world. But the key materials in this panel-spacer microspheres, and conductive gold balls, only one or two companies in the world can provide. These materials, like chips, stuck their necks.

26 underwater connectors
"Underwater connection lacks domestic weapon, seaside observation network near the fence"

In addition to ships and remote sensing satellites, the seabed observation network has become the third ocean observation platform-through which, humans can go deep into the ocean to observe and understand the ocean. If all kinds of cable observation platforms are compared to arms and legs, underwater connectors are like joints, which play an irreplaceable role in the construction, operation and maintenance of the submarine observation network system. At present, my country's underwater connector market is basically monopolized by foreign countries. Once the connector becomes an embargo, the construction and operation of the entire submarine observation network will be forced to be interrupted.

27 Key Materials of Fuel Cell
"Without three key materials, it is difficult to commercialize fuel cells"

Mass production of fuel cell vehicles abroad has been achieved, but my country's vehicle fuel cells are still in the stage of technical verification. The current status of my country's automotive fuel cells is that there are almost no component manufacturers, no automotive stack production companies, and only a very small number of commercial fuel cell vehicles. A number of key materials determine the life and performance of the fuel cell. These materials are not completely absent in my country, and some laboratory results have even reached the international level. However, without mass production lines, the fuel cell industry chain is still obstructed. The key materials have long relied on foreign countries. Once the sales ban is encountered, my country's fuel cell industry will have no basic support.

28 high-end welding power supply
"Domestic welding power source "dumb fire", the robot underwater operation is powerless"

my country is a maritime country with more than 3 million square kilometers of sea area, and is vigorously developing high-end marine resource development and marine rights protection equipment. Once the equipment in Haili is cracked, it needs to be repaired with welding equipment known as "sewing machine". The realization of deep sea welding depends on underwater robots. Although my country is the world's largest manufacturing base for welding power supplies, with an annual production capacity of more than 10 million sets, high-end welding power supplies are still basically monopolized by foreign countries. The welding technology of underwater robots in my country has been difficult to upgrade because the high-end welding power supply technology is controlled by people. The fully digital control technology of welding power source abroad has been relatively mature, and the domestic control technology is still mainly based on analog control technology.

29 lithium battery separator
"Two layers of a layer of diaphragm: domestic lithium batteries still need to see the clouds"

As the "heart" of new energy vehicles, domestic lithium-ion batteries (hereinafter referred to as lithium batteries) currently "jump" not yet stable enough. Among the four core materials of the battery, the positive and negative electrode materials and electrolyte have been domestically produced, except that the separator is still a short board. High-end diaphragm technology has a very high threshold, not only to invest huge amounts of money, but also requires a strong R & D and production team, skilled process technology and high-level production lines. High-end diaphragms still rely heavily on imports.

30 medical imaging equipment components
"The blunt detector blurs the medical image"

At present, most of the components of domestic medical imaging equipment rely on imports, and it will take at least 10 or 20 years to reach the current level of others. In traditional medical imaging (CT, magnetic resonance, etc.), the earliest patents in China are on average 20 years later than in the United States. The number of patents in the United States is 10 times that of my country. This means that the entire industry is completely in the hands of foreign companies. All intellectual property rights, all original achievements, and all scientific research accumulations are abroad, and China accounts for only a small part.

31 Ultra-precision polishing process
"To the top of the ultra-precision polishing process, the road is long and long"

How important is the ultra-precision polishing process in modern manufacturing, its application field can directly explain the problem: integrated circuit manufacturing, medical equipment, auto parts, digital accessories, precision molds, aerospace. "It is the soul of technology." The United States and Japan have firmly grasped the initiative in the global market, and their material composition and production process have always been a mystery. In other words, buying and using their products does not mean that they can copy or even copy their products.

32 epoxy resin
"Insufficient toughness of epoxy resin, domestic carbon fiber lacks strength"

Carbon fiber can be lighter than metal aluminum, but stronger than steel. It also has high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, creep resistance and other characteristics. One of the key composite auxiliary materials is epoxy resin. However, at present, all the high-end carbon fibers produced in China are imported. At present, my country has been able to produce higher-end carbon fibers such as T800, but Toray Japan mastered this technology in the 1990s. Compared with carbon fiber, my country's high-end epoxy resin industry lags behind the international situation more seriously.

33 high strength stainless steel
"Indestructible rocket engine "rust disease""

The steel used for rocket engines needs to have a variety of characteristics, of which high strength is an important indicator that must be met. However, the strength and rust resistance of stainless steel is a contradiction that is difficult to have both fish and bear paws. If the material of the rocket engine is severely rusted, it will have a great impact. Relying solely on the material itself to achieve both high strength and rust resistance is a worldwide problem. At present, most of China's aerospace materials are made of foreign materials used in the 1960s and 1970s. Developed countries will strictly control the content of impurities during the production process. If the purity does not reach the standard, they will be returned to the furnace. attitude.

34 database management system
"Database Management System: China is still looking for the "correct way to open""

The two most popular database management systems in the world are Oracle and MySQL, both of which are products of Oracle Corporation. Competitors also have products from IBM and Microsoft. Several American companies, Oracle, IBM, Microsoft and Teradata, account for most of the market share. The database management system of domestic products also has market share, but it is only a fraction. Its stability and performance cannot convince the market. Banks, telecommunications, electricity and other companies that require extreme stability will not consider domestic products.

35 scanning electron microscope
"Scanning Electron Microscope "Amblyopia", Industrial Manufacturing Is Difficult to Observe

Scanning electron microscope, a high-end electron optical instrument, is widely used in various research fields and industrial sectors such as materials, biology, medicine, metallurgy, chemistry and semiconductors. It is called "micro camera". The scanning electron microscopes used are heavily dependent on imports. Of the hundreds of scanning electron microscopes that China spends more than 100 million US dollars each year, they are mainly produced in the United States, Japan, Germany and the Czech Republic. Domestic scanning electron microscopes only account for about 5%-10%.

Conclusion and inspiration

Ren Zhengfei once said in an interview that he does not agree with the "independent innovation" argument, why? This is because the development of modern technology and industry is inseparable from the mutual cooperation in technology and products of different companies in different countries, and the knowledge system built by developed countries. If we understand independent innovation as having to do it all by ourselves and build our own system, this is obviously contrary to the laws of human society.

Now, "connecting with the world" in our discourse system seems to have become a label that contradicts "confidence". Taking high-speed rail as an example, it is the most successful case of comprehensively connecting with the world. China's high-speed rail is in line with the existing world industrial system from technology to standard, from manufacturing to operation.

If we always emphasize independent innovation and rarely mention integration with the world, on the one hand, it will confuse the internal logic of China's economic development, and on the one hand, it will hinder our future development.

Now the United States and some Western countries are feeling competitive pressure and setting up barriers does not want us to be in line. If we are not the most likely to fight to be in line with the world economic system, we believe that we can establish our own completely different industrial development system and can bypass the West for hundreds of years. To explore this set of development laws, then China's road to industrialization is at risk of stagnation or even retrogression again.